Future research directions should aim to support brick kiln owners in adopting such systems. While developed countries have embraced advanced technologies for brick production, it is recommended that developing countries adopt awareness campaigns to encourage the upgrading of kilns to cleaner and more sustainable systems. In developing countries, utilizing waste from other industries in brick production can effectively lower production costs. The current research is focused on finding alternative materials for brick manufacturing, improving industry energy efficiency, managing waste, and technological advancements, such as the implementation of the zigzag or Hoffmann kiln to reduce pollution. Modern slavery and societal issues also persist in developing countries. Thematic analysis revealed that brick kilns have a negative impact on the environment, including soil damage, and cause health problems for kiln workers and animals. The articles were published in 213 journals, written by 1396 authors from 670 institutions in 66 countries. The bibliometric analysis included an evaluation of historical growth, keywords, citation and co-citation, organizations, and countries. The PRISMA framework was used to identify relevant articles from the Web of Science database, resulting in the selection and critical review of 348 articles. This study conducts a thematic and bibliometric analysis to provide an in-depth review of the effects of brick kilns on humans and the environment. The production processes involved in the manufacture of bricks have a significant impact on the environment, human health, economy, and society. Bricks have a long history of being utilized as a construction material across the globe.

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